Information Systems Today Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Today EssayIt is limited to proceeding amidst assembly linees and consumers. C) Electronic commerce between businesses and their employees is non possible. D) All forms of electronic commerce involve business loadeds. E) Consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce is a complete reversal of the traditionalistic business-to-consumer electronic commerce. 3) Which of the pursuit is an example of business-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Brenda files her income tax online. B) A manufacturer places business over the web with its retailers. C) Juan buys Kevins guitar on eBay. com. D) Reuben buys a shoe on Yebhi. om. E) Sandra, an employee, employments the Web to make a change her health benefits. 4) Which of the quest is an example of consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Niobi makes an online deposit of $5,000 into her friend Carlas account because she needs financial help. B) heath buys a gift for Vannessa from Amazon. com. C) Blanco, a manufacturer, conducts business over the Web with its retailers. D) Ted files his income tax online. E) Marty buys Lobsangs mountaineering equipment from eBay. com 5) Ben buys an Olympus E-PL2 from Sony which starts malfunctioning.When he opts for an exchange, the usageer representative says that an exchange or repair is not possible because the damage was of a natural nature and not covered under warranty. Which of the side by side(p) consequences, if unbowed(a), would be an example of consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Ben sells the Olympus E-PL2 to Balvinder Singh in India through and through eBay. com. B) Ben files an online suit against Sony. C) Ben files a complaint on Sonys Web come out asking for an escalation. D) Ben buys a Canon G 12. E) Ben sells the Olympus E-PL2 to the worlds boastfullyst employ camera dealer KEH. om. 6) Which of the following is a result of spherical development dissemination? A) Firms link Web sites to corporate databases to provide real dur ation coming to personalized information. B) Firms tailor their produces and run to meet a customers peculiar(prenominal) needs on a large scale. C) Firms commercialise their products and services over vast distances. D) Firms provide present(prenominal) dialogue and feedback to and from customers. E) Firms provide moods for clients and firms to conduct business online without human assistance. 7) Which of the following actions explains locoweed customization?A) Firms tailor their products and services to meet a customers particular needs on a large scale. B) Firms provide immediate communication and feedback to and from customers. C) Firms provide ways for clients and firms to conduct business online without human assistance. D) Firms market their products and services over vast distances. E) Firms link Web sites to corporate databases to provide real-time access to personalized information. 8) Which of the following is an advantage of using interactional communication vi a the Web? A) debased transaction costs B) increased customer loyalty C) enhance operational efficiencyD) reduced brand dilution E) decreased overturn noticenibalization 9) The phenomenon of cutting out the middleman and r sever whollyying customers more direct and efficiently is hold upn as ________. A) gentrification B) demutualization C) reintermediation D) mutualization E) disintermediation 10) Which of the following is an example disintermediation? A) Land Rover markets most of its four-wheel drives in high altitude regions where vehicles require more provide. B) Dunkin Donuts expanded its menu beyond breakfasts by adding genial snacks that reliever for meals, which consists of items like Dunkin Dawgs, hot dogs wrapped in dough.C) Gatorade Thirst Quencher is a market leader in sports drinks. It is now planning to market its drinks to working women in urban beas. D) OakTeak, a furniture manufacturing firm, started selling promptly to its customers after it experienced a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers. E) A luxury car partnership creates a hybrid line of automobiles for consumers who ar concerned about the environment. 11) ________ refers to the design of business bewilders that reintroduce middlemen in order to reduce the challenges brought on by dealing directly with customers. A) Reintermediation B) DemutualizationC) Gentrification D) Disintermediation E) Mutualization 12) Which of the following is an example of reintermediation? A) The black Centurian card is issued by invitation only to customers who spend more than $250,000 a year on other American Express cards. B) PG acquires the list of p arnts-to-be and showers them with samples of Pampers and other baby products to capture a sh are of their future purchases. C) Kambo, a fashion habilitate company that deals directly with customers to sell its products, added retailers to its render chain to cater to its target audience in remote geographic locations.D) Oa kTeak, a furniture manufacturing firm, started selling directly to its customers after it experienced a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers. E) Dunkin Donuts expanded its menu beyond breakfasts by adding hearty snacks that substitute for meals, which consists of items like Dunkin Dawgs, hot dogs wrapped in dough.D) These firms only conduct business electronically in cyberspace. E) These firms do not thrust physical store locations. 17) Which of the following firms would most likely pursue the brick-and-mortar strategy? A) KEH. com is a used camera dealer that buys and sells cameras across the globe. B) Castros is a watch manufacturing firm known for its effective mass customization. C) SmartInv is a brokerage firm that allows its customers to personalize their portfolios. D) BestBaker is a local anesthetic bakery store in Bantam, Connecticut and caters exclusively to its residents.E) Nebo, a computer manufacturer, has pursued disintermediation and sells directly to customers. 18) Which of the following statements is true about firms pursuing a click-and-mortar business strategy? A) These firms learn how to fully maximize commercial opportunities in both domains. B) These firms can ofttimes compete more effectively on price. C) These firms tend to be highly adept with applied science and can innovate very rapidly as parvenu technologies become available. D) Customers of these firms find it difficult to return a product in case of damages.E) These firms can reduce prices to rock-bottom aims, although a relatively small firm may not sell enough products. 19) EZBiz, the brainchild of three college friends, is a inaugural venture which plans to produce and market sports gear. They are underwayly movementing to settle between a brick-and-click strategy and a click-only strategy. Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the decision to adopt a click-only strategy? A) The company has limited access to funds and is look to keep its costs low. B) The public is wary of sharing confidential information after a recent spate of credit card scandals.C) A rival is facing bare backlash after inadvertently releasing sensitive data into the public domain. D) Several companies who have switched from brick-and-mortar strategy to a click-only are experiencing severe channel conflicts. E) Some click-only companies have been unable to achieve economies of scale and subsequently are unable to offer lower prices. 20) EZBiz, the brainchild of three college friends, is a startup venture which plans to produce sports gear. They are currently trying to get back between a brick-and-click strategy and a click-only strategy.Which of the following, if true, would most support the decision to adopt a click-only strategy? A) E-commerce places firms on a global platform, in direct competition with the best in the business. B) Retailers have a preference for established brands that can overcompensate good margins. C) Re appear sug gests that some customers prefer online shopping because of the convenience it offers. D) Product trials and demonstrations are an essential part of the consumer buying crop. E) Cyber laws are yet to reach the level of sophistication required to facilitate safe online proceedings. 1) Which of the following statements is true about the revenue model? A) It emphasizes the utility that the product/service has to offer to customers. B) It analyzes the existing players in the market and the nature of the competition. C) It describes the promotion plan of the product/service. D) It describes how the firm willing produce a superior return on invested capital. E) It analyzes the background and experience of the company leadership. 22) Which of the following questions should a manager consider while analyzing the value proposition component of the business model?A) How much are you selling the product for? B) How tempestuous is the competition? C) How do you plan to let your potential cu stomers know about your product/service? D) Can the leaders of the organization get the job through? E) Why do customers need your product/service? 23) While preparing a business model, a manager considers the question, How do you plan to let your potential customers know about your product/service? Which of the following components of the businessing model is he/she considering? A) Revenue model B) Management team C) Marketing strategyD) Value proposition E) militant environment 24) Paying businesses that bring or refer customers to another business is known as ________. A) affiliate marketing B) subscription marketing C) viral marketing D) thievery marketing E) buzz marketing 25) A collection of companies and processes are involved in moving a product from the suppliers of raw materials, to the suppliers of intermediate components, to final business, and ultimately, to the customer these companies are collectively referred to as ________. A) customer management B) product lifec ycleC) enterprise resource management D) supply chain E) market entry 26) Prior to the admittance of the net profit and Web, the secure communication of proprietary information in business-to-business electronic commerce was facilitated using ________. A) enterprise resource planning B) electronic data twitch C) cloud figure D) supply chain management E) executive information system 27) Which of the following statements is true about the extranet? A) It restricts the companys information from going on the Web. B) It can be accessed only by employees within an organization.C) It contains company related information which all the employees of an organization can access. D) It alters two or more firms to use the profits to do business together. E) It requires large expenditures to train users on the technologies. 28) Web-based technologies are cross platform, meaning that disparate computing systems can communicate with each other provided that ________. A) the computing systems have been manufactured by the same company B) the computing system manufacturing companies are business partners C) they are located in the same countryD) meter Web protocols have been implemented E) the computing system manufacturing companies allow it 29) Companies use ________ to secure proprietary information stored within the corporate local sphere of influence mesh topology and/or wide area profits so that the information can be viewed only by authorized users. A) firewalls B) phishing C) rootkits D) bots E) pharming 30) organizations primarily use extranets to ________. A) conduct market re chase B) manage their supply chains C) identify their target market D) control brand dilution E) manage public relations 1) In the context of B2B supply chain management, ________ can be defined as access points through which a business partner accesses secured, proprietary information from an organization. A) bots B) fabrications C) portals D) rootkits E) hosts 32) ________ can pro vide whole productivity gains and cost savings by creating a single point of access where the company can conduct business with any number of business partners. A) Rootkits B) Pharming C) Bots D) Phishing E) Portals 33) ________ automate the business processes involved in selling products from a single supplier to tenfold buyers.A) Supplier portals B) Reference portals C) Customer portals D) Procurement portals E) Sourcing portals 34) ________ are knowing to automate the business processes that occur before, during, and after sales have been transacted between a supplier and multiple customers. A) Sourcing portals B) Reference portals C) Supplier portals D) Customer portals E) Procurement portals 35) ________ are set up as B2B Web sites that provide custom-tailored offers or specific deals based on sales volume. A) Sourcing portals B) Customer portals C) Procurement portals D) Reference portals E) Supplier portals 6) What is the divagation between customer and supplier portals a nd business-to-business (B2B) marketplaces? A) different customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces cannot be classified as extranets. B) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces are secured by firewalls. C) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces only serve vertical markets. D) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces are associated with a particular buyer or supplier who deals with multiple business partners. E) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces allow many buyers and many sellers to come together. 7) Markets comprised of firms operating within a certain industry sector are known as ________ markets. A) vertical B) parallel C) horizontal D) stipulated E) focused 38) Which of the following statements is true about B2B and B2C payments? A) nearly B2B payments are do through credit cards. B) Most B2C payments are made by checks. C) Most B2B payments are made through electronic payment services. D) Most B2B payment s are made by cash. E) Most B2B payments are made by checks. 39) Credit cards and electronic payment services are not used for large B2B transactions because of ________. A) the risks associated with these servicesB) the complications arising out of these transactions C) preset spending limits D) the resulting decrease in working capital E) the expenses associated with these services 40) Organizations implement intranets to support ________ electronic commerce. A) business-to-business B) business-to-consumer C) business-to-government D) business-to-employee E) consumer-to-business 41) Intranets mostly affect the ________ of an organization. A) suppliers B) employees C) customers D) retailers E) advertisers 2) ________ is used to facilitate the secured transmission system of proprietary information within an organization. A) IntranetB) Transnet C) Ethernet D) Extranet E) Telnet 43) Which of the following distinguishes an intranet from an extranet? A) An intranet looks and acts just like a publically accessible Web site. B) An intranet uses the same hardware as a publicly accessible Web site. C) Users access their companys intranet using their Web browser. D) An intranet uses the same net incomeing technologies as a publicly accessible Web site. E) In its simplest form, intranet communications do not travel across the Internet. 44) ________ are temporary work groups with a finite task and life cycle. A) Intensive forces B) Cross functional teams C) Task forcesD) Staff committees E) self-importance directed work teams 45) The term ________ refers to a class of software that enables sight to work together more effectively. A) malware B) groupware C) freeware D) webware E) pestware 46) Which of the following is an asynchronous groupware tool? A) shared whiteboard B) online higgle C) intranet D) electronic meeting support system E) video communication system 47) One of the benefits of groupware is its parallelism. Which of the following statements best explains this sentence? A) It keeps the group on track and helps distract costly diversions. B) It can advantageously incorporate external electronic data and files.C) It enables members to collaborate from different places at different times. D) It automatically records member ideas, comments, and votes. E) It enables many people to speak and listen at the same time. 48) Which of the following is a synchronous groupware tool? A) e-mail B) intranet C) group calendar D) online chat E) automation system 49) Which of the following provides customers with the ability to obtain personalized information by querying corporate databases and other information sources? A) e-filing B) e-integration C) e-information D) e-transaction E) e-tailing 50) The online sales of goods and services is known as ________.A) e-information B) e-integration C) e-tailing D) e-collaboration E) e-filing 51) Which of the following occurs in a reverse pricing system? A) Customers specify the product they are looking for and how much they are willing to pay for it. B) Customers are provided with the product and its price. C) Customers are provided with a product and can decide how much they are willing to pay for it. D) Customers specify the product they are looking for and the company provides the product with a price. E) Customers cannot decide the product but they can decide the price of the products available. 2) How do comparison shopping sites generate revenue? A) by charging a commission on transactions B) by selling their products C) by charging a practical(prenominal) ledge-space fee to manufacturers D) by increasing the click-count on their site E) by charging distribution fees to consumers 53) The concept of the Long quartern refers to a focus on ________. A) mainstream products B) broad markets C) generic brands D) brand dilution E) niche markets 54) Which of the following is a disadvantage of e-tailing? A) It is limited by physical store and shelf space restrictions. B) It requires ad ditional time for products to be delivered.C) It complicates the process of comparison shopping. D) It restricts companies to effectively compete on price. E) It reduces a companys inventory turnover time. 55) Which of the following explains Web analytics? A) conducting online marketing research to improve product quality B) analyzing Web sites in order to find the best one in its category C) tracking all online purchasers to try and increase their frequency of visit to a particular Web site D) analyzing Web surfers behavior in order to improve Web site mental process E) analyzing Web sites in order to find the best online business practices 6) Which of the following is a mechanism for consumer-to-consumer transactions? A) e-tailing B) e-integration C) e-filing D) e-tendering E) e- sells 57) ________ is a form of e-auction in which the highest bidder wins. A) Reverse auction B) Bartering C) Exchange D) Forward auction E) Request for quote 58) ________ is a form of e-auction where b uyers impale a request for quote. A) A reverse auction B) Bartering C) An exchange D) A forward auction E) A request for proposal 59) Which of the following forms of e-auction typically takes place on a business-to-business level? A) reverse auctionsB) bartering C) exchanges D) forward auctions E) request for quotes 60) Doug is a frequent visitor of online auction sites. He uses two different accounts to place a low followed by a very high bid on the desire item. This leads other bidders to drop out of the auction. He then retracts the high bid and wins the item at the low bid. This form of e-auction fraud is known as ________. A) shill bidding B) bid luring C) payment fraud D) nonshipment E) bid skimming 61) Which of the following types of e-auction fraud is associated with the sellers failure to ship an item after the payment has been real?A) bid luring B) bid shielding C) nonshipment D) shipping fraud E) payment failure 62) If a companys Web site is listed in the sponsored li st of a search engine, the search engine receives revenue on a ________ basis. A) pay-per-click B) pay-per-sale C) click-through D) pay-per-conversion E) click-per-visit 63) Under the ________ pricing model, the firm running the advertisement pays only when a Web surfer actually clicks on the advertisement. A) pay-per-refresh B) pay-per-sale C) pay-per-click D) pay-per-conversion E) click-per-visit 64) Click-through rate reflects ________.A) the ratio of surfers who visited the Web site divided by the number of surfers who clicked on the ad B) the ratio of surfers who click on an ad divided by the number of times it was displayed C) the percentage of visitors who actually perform the marketers desired action D) the ratio of surfers who clicked on the ad divided by the number of people who made the purchase E) the ratio of surfers who visited the Web site divided by the number of people who made a purchase 65) ________ allows individual Web site owners to post companies ads on their pages. A) Bum marketing B) Stealth marketing C) Viral marketing D) Buzz marketingE) Affiliate marketing 66) In a ________, a site hosting an advertisement creates fake clicks in order to get money from the advertiser. A) competitive click fraud B) irate click fraud C) net click fraud D) shill click fraud E) dedicated click fraud 67) MakeYourClick is an online ad agency that is known for its ability to create ads which lure customers to purchase. Brenda, an ex-employee of the firm, was fired from the agency on baseless grounds. An angry Brenda inflates MakeYourClicks online advertising cost by repeatedly clicking on the advertisers link. Brenda has committed ________. A) competitive click fraudB) irate click fraud C) net click fraud D) shill click fraud E) dedicated click fraud 68) ________ is used in order to have small, well-defined tasks performed by a scalable ad hoc workforce of everyday people. A) Nearshoring B) Insourcing C) Offshoring D) Crowdsourcing E) Homesourcing 69) __ ______ is an example of m-commerce. A) e-auctions B) e-tailing C) e911 D) e-filing E) e-integrating 70) Which of the following is an argument against digital rights management? A) It encourages unauthorized duplication. B) It enables publishers to infringe on existing consumer rights. C) It discourages publishers to control their digital media.D) It inhibits online transactions in the industry. E) It restricts copyright holders to minimize sales losses. 71) E-filing is an example of a ________ tool. A) government-to-citizen B) consumer-to-consumer C) government-to-government D) consumer-to-business E) business-to-business Chapter 5 Enhancing Collaboration Using Web 2. 0 1) Which of the following is a canonic concept associated with Web 2. 0? A) shift in users preference from online sites to encyclopedias as sources of unbiased information B) shift in users role from the static consumer of theme to its nobleman C) shift in users interest from sharing information o finding informa tion D) shift in users lifestyle due to increased purchasing power E) shift in users preference to environment-oriented products 2) Which of the following is a consequence of the use of kindly software? A) hoi polloi are using encyclopedias as sources of unbiased information. B) People are using environmentally-friendly products. C) People have increased purchasing power. D) People are sharing more personal information. E) People have become passive consumers of content. 3) The use of ________ within a companys boundaries or between a company and its customers or stakeholders is referred to as endeavor 2. . A) Web 1. 0 techniques and intranet B) extranet and intranet C) Web 2. 0 techniques and social software D) extranet and Web 1. 0 techniques E) social software and extranet 4) Which of the following statements is true about Web 1. 0? A) It helps users share information. B) It helps users find information. C) Users rule these applications. D) Users receive and give recommendatio ns to friends. E) It helps attach ideas and people. 5) A major benefit of social software is the ability to harness the wisdom of crowds, which is also referred to as ________. A) collaborative filteringB) preference elicitation C) inventive commons D) consensus democracy E) collective intelligence 6) The concept of ________ is based on the notion that distributed groups of people with a divergent range of information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual experts. A) cognitive dissonance B) creative commons C) collective intelligence D) consensus democracy E) preference elicitation 7) Which of the following statements is true about a devise forum? A) It started out as a novices way of expressing themselves using very simple Web pages.B) It is the process of creating an online text diary made up of chronological entries that comment on everything. C) Rather than trying to produce physical books to sell or use as gifts, users merely ask to share stories about their lives or voice their opinions. D) It is dedicated to a specific topic, and users can start new threads. E) It enables a person to voice his/her thoughts through goldbrick spot updates. 8) Which of the following statements is true about blogs? A) They emulate traditional bulletin boards and allow for threaded discussions between participants.B) They allow individuals to express their thoughts in a one-to-many fashion. C) They are dedicated to specific topics, and users can start new threads. D) They are moderated so that new postings appear only after they have been vetted by a moderator. E) They enable people to voice their thoughts through goldbrick status updates. 9) Which of the following Web 2. 0 applications has been classified as the amateurization of journalism? A) blogs B) discussion forums C) social presence tools D) here and now communicate E) online chats 10) Keith Norat, the Chief applied science Officer of Kender Internationals, relies on bl ogs while making decisions.In his words, Blogs are an important part of our purchase decisions. In todays environment, blogs provide assorted information that help us to make good decisions. Which of the following is an underlying assumption? A) Information in blogs is accurate. B) Some of the blogs are not written well. C) Blogs are company sponsored. D) Professional bloggers rely heavily on advertisements to sustain their operations. E) Blogs lead to the amateurization of journalism. 11) Which of the following explains the term blogosphere? A) the movement against blogs B) the amateurization of blogsC) the revolution against microblogging D) the community of all blogs E) the movement against discussion forums 12) Social presence tools are also known as ________ tools. A) social bookmarking B) instant chatting C) microblogging D) videoconferencing E) geotagging 13) Which of the following facilitates real-time written conversations? A) instant heart and soul B) discussion forum s C) status updates D) blogs E) tagging 14) ________ take the concept of real-time communication a step further by allowing people to communicate using avatars. A) Blogging B) Microblogging C) Instant messaging D) Discussion forumsE) realistic worlds 15) Which of the following statements is true about virtual worlds? A) It allows people to communicate using avatars. B) Small firms have not been successful in consumer-oriented virtual worlds. C) It is designed for short status updates. D) It is the process of creating an online text diary made up of chronological entries that comment on everything. E) Large companies have been able to realize the potential of consumer-oriented virtual worlds. 16) The network effect refers to the notion that the value of a network is dependent on ________. A) the speed of the network B) the number of other usersC) the knowledge of the users D) the commitment of the users E) the proficient expertise of the moderators 17) ________ is a cooperative We b 2. 0 application making use of the network effect. A) Media sharing B) RSS C) Tagging D) Instant messaging E) A discussion forum 18) ________ is the distribution of digital media, such as audio or video files via syndication feeds for playback on digital media players. A) Narrowcasting B) Crowdsourcing C) Blogging D) Netcasting E) Phishing 19) Podcasting is a misnomer because podcasts ________. A) are concerned with the dissemination of information to a narrow audienceB) cannot be played on Apples iPods C) are not related to distribution of digital media for digital devices D) are concerned with outsourcing tasks to a large group of people or community E) can be played on a variety of devices in addition to Apples iPods 20) Social bookmarking allows users to share Internet bookmarks and to create potpourri systems. These categorization systems are referred to as ________. A) tag clouds B) podcasts C) folksonomies D) geospatial metadata E) microblogs 21) Which of the following sta tements is true about social bookmarking? A) It is the distribution of digital media.B) It allows netcasters to publish and push current shows to the watchers/listeners. C) It allows people to communicate using avatars. D) It allows users to create folksonomies. E) It allows users to post short status updates. 22) ________ is the creation of a categorization system by users. A) Social cataloging B) Podcasting C) Social blogging D) Netcasting E) Crowdsourcing 23) ________ refers to manually adding metadata to media or other content. A) Phishing B) Tagging C) Crowdsourcing D) Podcasting E) Netcasting 24) Which of the following statements is true about tagging? A) It is the rocess of creating a categorization systems by users. B) It is the process of distributing digital media for playback on digital media players. C) It is the process of adding metadata to pieces of information. D) It is the process of of creating avatars and syndication feeds. E) It is the process of creating an onl ine text diary. 25) ________ refer(s) to a way of visualizing user generated tags or content on a site. A) Crowdsourcing B) Tag clouds C) Phishing D) Podcasting E) Pharming 26) Which of the following is one of the uses of geotagging? A) to use avatars while chatting online B) to create categorization systems for social catalogingC) to know the location of a person posting out a breaking intelligence operation update D) to create folksonomies for social bookmarking E) to use kin feeds while sharing media 27) Which of the following is an example of synchronous communication? A) online reviews B) work flow automation systems C) intranets D) videoconferencing E) collaborative writing tools 28) Which of the following is an example of asynchronous communication? A) group calendars B) videoconferencing C) online chatting D) shared whiteboards E) electronic meeting support system 29) Which of following factors differentiates asynchronous communication from ynchronous communication? A) la nguage B) network speed C) coordination in time D) expertise E) distance 30) In todays business environment, project teams comprise highly specialized members, many of whom are not colocated. ________ are comprised of members from different geographic areas. A) behave groups B) Virtual teams C) Work teams D) Task forces E) Command groups 31) Which of the following is an electronic communication tool that allows users to files, documents, and pictures to each other and share information? A) e-mail B) instant messaging C) application sharing D) electronic calendars E) knowledge management systems 2) Which of the following is an electronic conferencing tool that facilitates information sharing and rich interactions between users? A) e-mail B) wikis C) blogs D) instant messaging E) online document systems 33) Which of the following is a collaboration management tool that is used to facilitate virtual or colocated meetings ? A) Internet forums B) videoconferencing C) wikis D) fax E) int ranets 34) Web-based collaboration tools ________. A) allow for light-headed transferability from one person to another B) have well-documented procedures for system complexities C) reduce the risk of exposing sensitive corporate dataD) require users to frequently upgrade their software E) are complex and time-consuming to learn 35) Which of the following statements is true about Gmail? A) It is an enterprise-level collaboration tool that allows users to create group Web sites and share team information. B) It allows users to select a custom domain name for an additional fee. C) It allows users to share events and subscribe to public calendars for new events. D) It is an instant messaging client. E) It is an online office suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a exhibit application. 6) Which of the following Google Apps is an instant messaging client? A) Gmail B) Google Calendar C) Google Talk D) Google Sites E) Google Docs 37) ________ is an online of fice suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a presentation application. A) Gmail B) Google Talk C) Google Sites D) Google Calendar E) Google Docs 38) Which of the following statements is true about Google Sites? A) It is an enterprise-level collaboration tool that allows users to create group Web sites and share team information. B) It allows users to select a custom domain name for an additional fee.C) It allows users to share events and subscribe to public calendars for new events. D) It is an instant messaging client. E) It is an online office suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a presentation application. 39) A(n) ________ system allows users to publish, edit, version track, and retrieve digital information. A) social presence B) collective intelligence C) application sharing D) content management E) peer production 40) Which of the following statements is true about content management systems? A) It is the creation of goods or services by self-organizing communities.B) The creation of the goods or services is dependent on the incremental contributions of the participants. C) It allows the assignment of different roles for different users. D) Anyone can help in producing or improving the final outcome. E) It is a family of syndication feeds used to publish the most current blogs, podcasts, videos, and news stories. 41) Which of the following is the responsibility of an administrator in a content management system? A) editing the content into a final form B) managing account access levels to the digital information C) sharing team information D) publishing new informationE) creating database applications 42) ________ is the creation of goods or services by self-organizing communities. A) Peer production B) A folksonomy C) Creative commons D) assemblyware E) Social software 43) Which of the following statements is true about peer production? A) The creator is responsible for publishing new informa tion. B) Only editors have the right to develop new content. C) It is also known as enterprise content systems. D) Anyone can help in producing or improving the final outcome. E) The thickening is a person who can only view the digital information. 44) Which of the following occurs during wiki wars?A) editors do not agree with the creators of the content B) participants debate on a particular topic before creation C) administrators refuse to publish a creators content D) guests edit the creators content without permission E) contributors continuously edit or delete each others posts 45) ________ is a phenomenon where companies use everyday people as a cheap labor force. A) Nearshoring B) Phishing C) Crowdsourcing D) Narrowcasting E) Pharming 46) ________ enables people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects. A) E-filing B) E-auction C) E-tailingD) E-lancing E) E-timing 47) ________ sites create social online communities where individuals with a broa d and diverse set of interests meet and collaborate. A) Crowdsourcing B) Social cataloging C) Social networking D) Social bookmarking E) Media sharing 48) Which of the following statements is true about viral marketing? A) It uses the network effect to increase brand awareness. B) It uses everyday people as a cheap labor force. C) It is the dissemination of information to a narrow audience. D) It enables people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects.E) It is used to market a product without the audience realizing it. 49) Which of the following is a critical factor in the success of a viral marketing campaign? A) restricting access to viral content B) doing what the audience expects C) making sequels D) restricting easy distribution E) distributing products for free 50) ________ attempts to provide relevant search results by including content from blogs and microblogging services. A) Social search B) OpenSearch C) Enterprise search D) Metasearch E) Ne tsearch 51) Which of the following statements is true about Real Simple Syndication (RSS)?A) It is used to increase brand awareness through the network effect. B) It is used to mobilize information to a narrow audience. C) It is used to market the product without the audience realizing it. D) It is used to enable people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects. E) It is used to publish the most current blogs, podcasts, videos, and news stories. 52) For companies operating in the digital world, online collaboration with suppliers, business partners, and customers is crucial to being successful. ________ allow(s) data to be accessed without intimate knowledge of other rganizations systems, enabling machine-to-machine interaction over the Internet. A) Web services B) Widgets C) RSS feeds D) Social search E) Peer production 53) Android is a Web service hosted by Google to ________. A) create customized search features B) embodiment mobile phone applicati ons C) manage personal calendars D) integrate Googles mapping system into Web sites E) allow users to build applications that work with multiple social communities 54) Which of the following statements is true about widgets? A) They can be placed on a desktop, but cannot be coordinated into a Web page. B) They can integrate two or more Web services.C) They are created by the integration of Web services and mashups. D) They are small interactive tools used for a single purpose. E) They can be integrated into a Web page, but cannot be placed on a desktop. 55) Together, Web services and widgets enable the creation of ________. A) protocols B) mashups C) codecs D) folksonomies E) tag clouds 56) Which of the following statements is true about a mashup? A) It is a small interactive tool used for a single purpose. B) It is used to increase brand awareness through the network effect. C) It is the process of allowing companies to use everyday people as a cheap labor force.D) It is used to d isseminate information to a narrow audience. E) It is an application or a Web site that integrates one or more Web services. 57) Which of the following is a contend for the development of semantic Web? A) Web pages can be understood by people but not by computers. B) Users should be able to use any device in any network for any service. C) Users give a lot of unnecessary personal information to social networking sites. D) Widgets cannot be integrated into Web pages. E) Users are skeptical while making purchases online due to the fear of getting cheated. 58) Which of the followings is NOT true about an Enterprise 2. strategy? A) Web 2. 0 sites base their success on user- determined self-expression. B) Enterprise 2. 0 applications are not suited to traditional top-down organizational structures. C) Enterprise 2. 0 applications should be driven by a specific usage context. D) Organization-wide Enterprise 2. 0 implementations typically need changes in terms of organizational culture. E ) Within organizations, the critical mass required for an Enterprise 2. 0 application is often easily achieved. 59) Enterprise 2. 0 is likely to fail if ________. A) an organizations workforce is dominated by baby boomersB) an organization has a flat organizational hierarchy C) an organization emphasizes open communication D) an organizations workforce is dominated by millennials E) it is integrated well with an organizations existing information systems infrastructure Technology Briefing Foundations of Information Systems Infrastructure Networks, the Internet, and Databases 68) ________ is a computer networking model in which multiple types of computers are networked together to share data and services. A) Centralized computing B) central processing unit computing C) Task computing D) Distributed computing E) Serial computing 9) A(n) ________ is a computer network that spans a relatively small area, allowing all computer users to connect with each other to share data and periphera l devices, such as printers. A) enterprise network B) wide area network C) campus area network D) local area network E) value-added network 70) A(n) ________ is a wide area network connecting disparate networks of a single organization into a single network. A) value-added network B) global network C) enterprise network D) local area network E) personal area network 71) ________ are private, third-party-managed medium-speed WANs that are shared by multiple organizations.A) Value-added networks B) Enterprise networks C) Global networks D) Local area networks E) Personal area networks 72) A(n) ________ is an emerging technology that uses wireless communication to exchange data between computing devices using short radio communication, typically within an area of 10 meters. A) value-added network B) local area network C) personal area network D) enterprise network E) campus area network 73) ________ are network services that include the storing, accessing, and delivering of text, bina ry, graphic, and digitized video and audio data across a network. A) Print servicesB) File services C) meaning services D) Application services E) Software services 74) The high-speed central networks to which many smaller networks can be connected are known as ________. A) last-mile networks B) ISPs C) Internet exchange points D) private branch exchanges E) backbones 75) Which of the following wireless communication technologies uses high-frequency light waves to transmit data on an unobstructed path between nodescomputers or some other device such as a printeron a network at a distance of up to 24. 4 meters? A) Bluetooth B) wireless LAN C) high-frequency radio D) infrared line of sightE) microwaves WLANs based on a family of standards called 802. 11 are also referred to as ________. A) Bluetooth B) wireless faithfulness C) ethernet D) personal area networks E) infrared line of sight 77) Which of the following is a characteristic of terrestrial microwave communication? A) high att enuation B) speeds up to 16 Mbps C) low expense D) high susceptibility to eavesdropping E) low electromagnetic interference 78) ________ is the set of rules that governs how a given node or workstation gains access to the network to send or receive data. A) Media access control B) Logical link controlC) Hypertext transfer protocol D) File transfer protocol E) Internet control message protocol 79) ________ is a commonly used method of random access control, in which each workstation listens to traffic on the transmission medium (either wired or wireless) to determine whether a message is being transmitted. A) Code division multiple access B) Carrier sense multiple access C) Hybrid coordination function D) Group packet radio service E) Point coordination function 80) In a(n) ________ network all nodes or workstations are connected to a central hub, or concentrator, through which all messages pass.A) ring B) bus C) star D) mesh E) tree 81) Which of the following network topologies is c apable of covering the largest distance? A) star network B) bus network C) ring network D) mesh network E) tree network 82) Which of the following statements is true of a bus network topology? A) A bus network has the most complex wiring layout. B) Extending a bus network is more difficult to achieve than it is for other topologies. C) A bus network topology enables all network nodes to receive the same message through the network cable at the same time.D) The configuration of bus networks facilitates easy diagnosis and isolation of network faults. E) In a bus network, every computer and device is connected to every other computer and device. 83) As per the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which of the following layers defines the way data is formatted, converted, and encoded? A) application layer B) transport layer C) presentation layer D) data link layer E) session layer 84) According to the OSI model, the ________ layer defines the protocols for structuring messages. A) physical B) session C) transport D) data link E) network 5) According tot he OSI model, the physical layer defines ________. A) the protocols for data routing to ensure that data arrives at the discipline destination B) the way data is formatted, converted, and encoded C) the mechanism for communicating with the transmission media and porthole hardware D) the way that application programs such as electronic mail interact with the network E) the protocols for structuring messages 86) A ________ is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals so that telephone lines may be used as a transmission medium to send and receive electronic data.A) modem B) LAN card C) network adapter D) PCI conjunctive E) USB port 87) A ________ is a PC expansion board that plugs into a computer so that it can be connected to a network. A) transceiver B) multiport repeater C) cable router D) network interface card E) modular connector 88) A(n) ________ is a piece of networki ng hardware that manages multiple access points and can be used to manage transmission power and channel allocation to establish desired coverage throughout a building and minimize interference between individual access points. A) router B) wireless controller C) network switchD) modem E) network interface card 89) Which of the following entities is responsible for managing global and country code top-level domains, as well as global IP number space assignments? A) American cash register for Internet Numbers (ARIN) B) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) C) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) D) Internet Governance Forum (IGF) E) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 90) Which of the following Internet connectivity technologies enables data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires?A) integrated services digital network technology B) digital subscriber line technology C) dial-up service tech nology D) cable modem technology E) fiber to the home technology 91) Computers working as servers on the Internet are known as ________. A) network adapters B) modems C) network switches D) Ethernet hubs E) Internet hosts 92) A(n) ________ is a singular identifier that should be created and used when designing a database for each type of entity, in order to store and retrieve data accurately. A) foreign attain B) surrogate key C) primary keyD) superkey E) candidate key 93) In which of the following database models does the DBMS view and present entities as two-dimensional tables, with records as rows, and attributes as columns? A) relational database model B) hierarchical database model C) network database model D) object-oriented database model E) semantic database model 94) ________ is a technique to make complex databases more efficient and more easily handled by the DBMS. A) Assertion B) Exception handling C) Normalization D) Model elimination E) Structural induction

Advantages Of Autonomous Vehicles

Advantages Of Autonomous VehiclesAutonomous gondola cars, or cars that run without a human driver, have been in development for everywhere the matchless-time(prenominal) few decades, starting from the late 70s and extending towards the present date and even beyond. During the early stages, the self-reliant vehicles were s diminished in press forward and even in reaction time. Nowadays, with technical advancement, coupled with better research knowledge and funding towards further development, product improvement has clearly been observed. From the early days of mechanical feedback carcasss to modern softwargon incorporation, numerous improvements have been made.2. Advantages of Autonomous VehiclesFinding from the World health Organization (WHO) several years ago regarding automobile accidentsAccidents expenditure in the United States r for each oneed $230 billion with over $30 billion breathing out into health care. Such exclusivelyow except ontogenesis, because the road accidents are expected to be the third largest killer worldwide by 2020.There are two possible approaches to make cars safer. Systems can be implemented to make a car accident little lethal or to prevent accidents.Also, from an energy and efficiency point of view, in general, people are not capable to drive the best as well. Having computers to do the driving is personnel casualty to save energy significantly. However, since vehicles are networked and with traffic f little synchronized, it is an apples-to-orange comparison.Autonomous cars wont have to tackle congestion and stop-and-go traffic, as is present today. Road travel will fixity up, more predictability, and passengers will have ample space to focus on other things while travelling.The vehicles will be a lot less heavy. There will be a reduced need for designs to deal with impacts, as the heavy vehicles of today are driven by error given human, nor a need to be equipped with protection instruments to protect drivers (e. g. crumple zones, airbags, or even seatbelts).Further advantages of driverless vehicles, aside from the significant safety and energy benefits that would be presented with their use, will be an increase in transportation access. Aged, restricted mobility, poor, and even the language illiterate individuals can safely travel. It will be like having a chauffeur at all(a) times.3. Integrating technology to make an self-governing vehicleFor vehicles to be made supreme will require advanced detectors and actuators to locomotiveer hand in hand.Definition of sensor and actuatordetector A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to itActuator An actuator is a weapon responsible for the movement or restrainer of a machine, apparatus or system. It utilizes energy, commonly transported by air, electric automobileal received, or fluid, and translates that into a type of head.3.1. Sensors in an autonomous carIn an autonomous vehic le, apart from make haste sensors, sensors are employ for lane position trailing as well as front obstructionist detection. This comes in the form of microwave radars. If lane positioning or safety distance is not within safety parameters, the sensor will send signals to the microcontroller. From there, the microcontroller will organize the various actuators such as throttle, repointing and brake to enable the vehicle to stay within the parameter.Various sensors used in the mobilization operation of autonomous cars allows a radar reflective stripe system with a vision based system for lane location sensing, a radar system and a scanning laser range finding system for the detection of obstacles ahead of the autonomous car, and various assisting sensors including off-centre looking radars and one angular rate gyroscope. Figure 1 shows a sketch of an autonomous car with the various sensors, actuators and operating devices.3.2. Actuators in an autonomous car pasture brake Actuat orsCoordinate car speed up with the sensors and/or users pre-input. apply for slowing down the car when there is a need to.Steering ActuatorThe steering actuator is a motor controlled by the car in-built microprocessor. The microcontroller takes in signals from the various sensors to steer the car which is done by directing the motor for controlling the angle of the wheel arounds.Throttle ActuatorsUsed for controlling the getup of the cars engine based on the sensor or users pre-input. This will increase and reduce the speed of the vehicle as well as maintain.3.3. Current technologies, design and construction concept used to overhear various sensors and actuators in an autonomous vehicle3.3.1. Electronic Scanning RadarElectronic Scanning Radar is an inexpensive effective object-detection system that utilizes electromagnetic waves, specifically radio waves, to determine the range, direction, or speed of both mobilized and stationary objects. Radio waves or microwaves transition from the radar sensor bounces off any object in their path. The object will then return a tiny portion of the waves energy to the antenna which is averageally located at the same spot as the transmitter.Radar technology has the ability to measure positions and speed vectors of multiple targets at the same time, with precise accuracy, within a short time frame. Detection and tracking algorithms are normally given in a one-box-design and some manufacturers allow space for vehicle/customer/application specific code in the radar systems.The ESR enables a wide coverage at mid-range and high-resolution long range using stand-alone radar. Wide and mid-range coverage not only enables vehicles gaucherie in from adjacent lanes to be detected, but as well as determines vehicles and pedestrians along the width of the vehicle. Long-range coverage gives accurate range and speed data, with great object variety that can identify as much as 64 targets in the vehicles path.The ESR too allows powe rful functionality which includes the following-adaptive cruise control-forward collision archetype-brake support-headway alert3.3.2. Brake actuatorOne method of braking widely used by autonomous vehicles, although also widely used in contemporary vehicles, is the phonograph recording braking system.The main components of disc brakes comprise the followingBrake padsCaliper containing a pistonRotor that is mounted to the hubThe disc brake is quite standardized to the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes use a caliper, which compels the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the pads forces on the rotor instead of the wheel, and with the force being transmitted hydraulically instead of a cable. Friction between each pad and the disc slows the vehicle down.A moving car contains kinetic energy and by stopping the car, the brakes are actually removing this energy. The brakes do this by converting the kinetic energy into that of heat. Therefore, in most cars, ventilation is pro vided for the brakes.3.3.3. reconciling Cruise ControlAdaptive cruise control utilizes forward-looking radar with its installation located at the back of the grill of a vehicle, to identify the speed and distance of the vehicle in front of it.Adaptive cruise control is of the same principal as conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle pre- jell speed. However, unlike the contemporary cruise control, this implementation can automatically adjust the speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles along the same lane. This is performed through and through a radar headway sensor, digital signal processor as well as a longitudinal controller. If the front vehicle slows down, or should some other object get detected, the system will send a signal to the engine or braking system to slow down. Subsequently, when the road gets cleared, the system will increase the vehicle speed back to the set value. Cruise control is an example of a closed-loop control systemClosed and Open Loop ExplainedIn a closed-loop configuration, a feedback component is being sent together with the input. The difference in the input and feedback signals is sent to the controller. In response to the difference, the controller acts on the process forcing the output to change in a direction that will cause reduction in the difference of the input signal and the feedback component.A closed-loop system has the ability to baffle itself in the midst of disturbances or variations in its own characteristics. Hence, a closed-loop system has an advantage over that of an open-loopLikewise, a cruise control has an input signal of a desired velocity. This goes through any number of amplifiers in the mode of transfer functions and gains, and then, outputs a signal which the motor utilizes to modify its power. Disturbances in the system may include wind speed, bumps on the road, etc. When these obstacles run into the speed of the car, data passes through from the end of the control system in the form of velocity data to the beginning, where it makes clutch changes to the input signals so it can then properly adjust the speed of the car.Closed loop control systems has its output compared with the desired parameter settings and the process is change in order for the output to satisfy the requirement.The accelerator of a conventional man-driven vehicle, on the other hand, is an example for an open-loop control. This is a simple link between the sport pedal and the car engine. When stepped on, the engine propels the car, and this does not stop until you remove the input signal (Pedal stepped on with continued compel). Should there be obstacles along the way, this will affect the speed of the vehicle so long as pedal is being stepped on to a certain(prenominal) particular extend.Open-loop systems provides an output according to the desired set point irrespective to the changes that occur due to certain disturbances in the process.An open-loop control system is influ enced directly, and only, by an input signal, without the beneficial use of a feedback.3.3.4. Oxygen SensorA vehicle oxygen sensor, also known as a lambda sensor, is a small sensor installed into the exhaust system of a petrol engine for the measurement of the oxygen concentration that remains in the exhaust gas to enable an electronic control unit (ECU) to control the efficiency of the engine burn process. In majority of all modern automobiles, including autonomous ones, these sensors are installed at the engines exhaust manifold to identify whether the mixture of air together with gasoline going into the engine is rich or lean. That means too much or too little fuel respectively.3.3.5. CAN-busCAN Bus is a multiplexed wiring system commonly utilized in the connection of intelligent devices such as Electronic Control Units (ECU) on vehicles, allowing data to be transferred in reliable elan at a lower cost. This also reduces the need for massive amounts of cables In a vehicle. CAN stands for ascendance Area Network and it was development was by Bosch, in 1980. Majority of new vehicles utilizes this system and it is becoming more difficult to install after-market products without the use of a CAN Bus Interface. CAN bus is commonly used in autonomous vehicles.4. Capabilities and Potentials as well as the limitation for the various telematic devices in an autonomous vehicle4.1. Disc haltToday, in almost all automobiles, both conventional and autonomous, disc brakes are the most found .They are better at stopping vehicles than many other type of brakes which is why they are still in existence since 1902. High speed vehicles need better brakes to slow them down, so most probably a disc brake would be installed. point of accumulationHeat retention is a common problem with disc brakes. Unfortunately, this causes brake fade. It is where the brake components have absorbed all the heat they can possibly withstand. This means they are unable to absorb more energy and thus, will not be able to slow the car further.4.2. Cruise ControlIt is definitely better to be in an autonomous vehicle. This makes life for the user easier as he do not need to drive. Also, with humans in control of the vehicle, a higher tendency of error occurs. In autonomous vehicles, one of the components that make the technology possible is the cruise control. The cruise control aids in automatically controlling the speed as well as maintaining a safe distance from the car in front. This makes travelling safer.LimitationThe cruise control of todays autonomous vehicles can only track the car ahead of the equipped vehicle. This means safety is only taken in fiber from the front, and not from the back. In the later part of this report, we will look into the intelligent cruise control.4.3. Radar SensorRadar aids in making a vehicle autonomous. Current technology enables radar to accurately detect at greater distances, identify up to 64 targets and can be integrated to an autonomo us vehicle to assist in many various operations such as cruise control, braking, collision warning and headway alert.LimitationCurrent implementations do not permit collision turning away when environment is obscured with smokes and dust.4.4. CAN-busWith the huge reduction in wiring, this leads to the following-(i) Vast reduction in production cost which also leads to lower retail cost.(ii) Lighter weight for vehicle, thus leading to improved fuel consumption.(b) Reduced number of interconnections, which leads to improved reliability.LimitationsInstallation is relatively costly, and the requirement for specialize knowledge is needed for maintenance and repair of the vehicle.5. Continued improvements for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehiclesThe first segment in this dent discusses about the improvement in apprehension provided in a sensor over the years and how it has brought about major improvements. Second section will talk about the future sensors and actuators developm ent in autonomous vehicles.5.1.1. Increased level of intelligence provided in sensors has and explanation to why enhancing the intelligence of a typical sensor may encourage improved performance.This section discusses the details and describes the evolution of a critical sensor in the implementation of a safety critical active controller in passenger cars called ABS (Antilock Brake System).ABS works on the principle of optimizing the wheels slips (for maximizing the brake force) in the car during the event of braking. Wheel slips are defined as belowThe critical designate in controlling the braking wheels of the car boils down to evaluating the speed of the vehicle and hence estimating the deceleration desired and actually achieved. The difference of which triggers the actual hydraulic pressure conformation up in each wheel.The complex task of vehicle velocity estimation is done through using wheel speed sensors in each wheel of the car as shown belowUntil the advent of active whe el speed sensors recently, global automotive industry was using the passive wheel speed sensors for calculating the wheel speeds.5.1.1.1. Passive SensorsPassive sensors operate with a steel tone ring application. These variable falter sensors are used to measure speed/position of the vehicles tone ring. As the magnetic flux through the coil of the sensor is changed, so does the resulting voltage which is then measured and used to calculate wheel speed. This technology is considered outdated and is typically bypassed for active intelligent sensors.5.1.1.2. Active Sensors (Intelligent)Standard active wheel speed sensors operate on the Hall Effect. They are able to be used with a magnetic encoder or steel tone ring application. As the magnetic flux changes (created by an internal magnet or the magnetic encoder), the hall sensor creates an output current which can be measured and converted into wheel speed. Standard WSS only measure wheel speed and do not have any additional signals fo r vehicle operation. A Hall element (square shaped semiconductor layer) is supplied by a permanent current (I const). Applying a magnetic field perpendicular style to the current flow the electrons are deflected due to the Lorenz force. This deflection can be measured as Hall voltage, which is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B) and the current flow (I const). The Hall voltage (V Hall) is directly proportional to the external magnetic field.The magnetic field is established either by a magnetic encoder or internal sensor magnet.These active sensors offer benefits when compared to passive sensors. The dominant factors that took the stride towards active intelligent wheel speed sensors were exercising weight reduction.Size reduction.Reduction in Cost but improvement in performance.Low speed detection benefits. Passive sensors had the hurdle of building enough reluctance at low vehicle speeds but with active sensors wheel speeds can be detected with changing magnetic fields at as low as 0.1 m/sec.Direction detection. With developing ASICs and also the magnetic encoders thereby made wheel speed sensors smarter and hence has led to the advantage of vehicle motion direction detection in the sensors. It effectively has offloaded the software task of direction detection by many folds. With detection possible at such low vehicle speeds a new development of Hill Hold Controllers was triggered in the industry.5.1.2. Intelligent sensor and the mechanism for transferring the measurement to a central data faller or processor.Example is explained in the above question. The mechanism for transferring the measurement to a processor in this case it is ABS controller is hereCAN BusABS ControllerPressure application on each wheelHydraulic controllerWith reference to the diagram aboveThe data or pulses/signals from the wheel speed sensors are collected in the special ASICs designed for this purpose from there a SPI bus architecture is used to transfer it to the software laye r (HSW box above). Filtering and certain algorithms regarding determination of data usability are made in the stat machine of the software layer. Usable and filtered data is further passed down to the ABS controller through the CAN bus. ABS determines the pressure targets for each wheel and hydraulic controller applies the set targets on the individual wheels for attaining the desired stopping distance of the car.5.2 Future Development for Sensors and Actuators in autonomous vehicles5.2.1. BrakesIn the future, the hydraulic line may not ever again be needed in an automobiles braking system. In fact, in a recent lease performed by Frost Sullivan, it is predicted that, after the year 2010, the automobile industry will begin to replace hydraulic-braking systems with that of brake-by-wire. The utilization of the brake-by-wire technologies like the electro-mechanical braking system and the electronic-wedge brake is predicted to be the norm for future vehicles.This method of braking use s electronic signals instead of mechanical to achieve braking power. The electro mechanical barking system or EMB will not require hydraulic lines due to the activation of the brake being done within the wheel assembly itself. Instead of utilizing calipers, this system uses a wheel brake module. The module comprises of disc brakes and an electric motor which will be the one that activates the brakes during activation.As it is, this method of braking is known as brake-by-wire. Certain automobile companies have almost already amply implemented this system into their automobiles, namely Toyota and Mercedes. However, a full brake-by-wire system has yet to come out and will only be out in the most future.5.2.2 RadarFuture implementations will be the autonomous vehicle navigation and obstacle detection sensor radar. This device, currently being tested, will assist in reducing the quantity of separated components that is required to satisfy the needs of an autonomous vehicle. The naviga tion and obstacle detection can be done with just one component device. If being mounted on a suitable spot on a vehicle, this all-rounder obstacles detection and navigation radar will rule out the need for multiple contemporary radars. This will reduce the weight of the vehicle and thus, saving on fuel cost.Furthermore, future implementations will enable obstacle avoidance and prevent collision even when environment is obscured with smokes and dust.5.2.3. Intelligent Cruise ControlIn cars nowadays and in autonomous vehicles, the cruise control will only strive to maintain a safe distance from the front car. Unfortunately, this does not include the back car. With this new implementation, the spacing from the back vehicle will also be taken into consideration, together with the spacing from the front vehicle. This system also works and serves especially well when lane switching is being performed. This is due to the wanting(predicate) gap tendency between the front and back vehicle .6. ConclusionThe earlier sections in this report has aimed to bring about the ideas of current technology implementations of an autonomous vehicle. As demonstrated, there are still flaws within the system. However, with the intelligence of sensors increasing constantly, it is almost sure that many of the problems faced by autonomous vehicle manufacturers will be solved in the near future.

The Mis Education Of The Negro Religion Essay

The Mis Education Of The negro Religion EssayAs negroes, we argon taught by going to take day certain things to look and read at. In stratagem, we be told that europiuman and Greek art are the greatest things to look at pertaining to the arts. In music, we look at classical from great pureness composers quite of Afri stick out Ameri potful wizards. We would pick up literature against the African American instead of whiz thats for the African American. well Im sad to inform you but this is true. Mr. Woodson saw this when he wrote his book and still today, it is still in effect.We choose to stay mis- educated due to the fact that we as a multitude do non choose to excel in embracing our minds. At Texas Southern University, we can say that we create a class in African American studies taught by an African American who has been around, traveled, and knows what he or she has been taught through experience. How would you feel that in opposite universities around the country have that equivalent course but yet taught by a different stimulate? I am not a racist but its time for our race to be not informed but become informed of our past times, present, and future.Its funny though. Did you know that most of our political day to day people we see and come upon on the juveniles are the most mis-educated people? For instance, Tyler Perry would dress as the most famous cross dressed charr every cardinal would know, Madea. Is it so that the fact that during the bondage times, the Mamie, was the symbol for keeping the family to quarterher? It does but it has a lightlesser meaning. I in effect(p) had a fresh conversation with my sociology teacher but he recently told me that white men love black woman. I knew that already but some white men didnt like the fact white men and black woman were whole together. The Mamie was similarly formed as an unattractive black woman with a big butt and big lips thats unceasingly loud. Its tragic the way that new( prenominal) cultures view our women but this Is what is perceived. There are others that does this but this is the most comm hardly kn avouch person to do this but chooses to stay out the human beingss eye.The one come with being seen and being mis-educated is the fact that you are educated and youre not doing everything intimately it. To the publics eye, if you are not in your community involved or have supernumerary programs, you are considered a bad role model. In this case you would requirement your people to succeed and in special made programs. But if your do get the programs right, thither is a chance that in that respect allow not be each individuality within that person because you would want that person to conform unto connection ways. Im not saying the phrase selling out, but your conforming unto your white counterparts photographs away what that you have started with that of what you started to think. Its difficult but we postulate to encourage our black cou nterparts to be all what we can be.We missed an important mark growing up as being mis-educated. After the Civil war, it was upon the society to show us where our information was supposed to track us. Systems had to be in place for our education to the white man, it was not viewed as their responsibility.During this time, W.E.B. Dubois had an argument that was saying with this education that we have, we should use it to show philanthropy. We should take the luck to learn how be political and be educated like how he was himself. With being so educated as like he was, there should not really be no labor of what he was arguing. Booker T. Washing had a different point of view.Booker T. Washington believed you should go to school and learn trades for a special natural endowment. He doesnt believe in getting all political, he believes in getting an education but yet sketch hard to achieve the things you want by learning a specific talent. By Mr. Washington being a previous slave, you can see how he stand on this view.Carter G. Woodson stood between both points of views. He believed that because you are just coming from thrall, and the fact you would want to be educated, you should possess both traits. Its obvious that in the new society you would not be accepted because of fear and anger from your white counterparts. Have the knowledge how to work in a special talent to patch up cash and a backing and go out and become educated with politics.How can we as a people drift away from our righteousness? There is one simple way of answering that question, distortion. I was taught in my Fine Arts and Daily Living Class that you should never touch art due to its richness in color and texture. If you do touch it, you ruin hard work that was placed there by the painter. Well in life, if you want to ruin our distort life, accordingly take its narrative and change it.Should it be a grave unjust that the Negro was reminded of how their inferiority was that they are th e true rootage carriers? The emergence of syphilis and tuberculosis among African Americans are always emphasized among most diseases. Today, our most commonly known disease in the African American community is HIV. The weird thing is that there is very emphasis on the fact that we are immune to diseases like yellow fever, and influenza which are awful to whites.History is a delicate subject for most people that study in it. Where does the African American have a place in archives? When we think of Africa, we think of the Dark continent with despair instead of the rich culture or minerals such as diamonds and gold. We dont think about the great pyramids of Egypt that is one of the 7 wonders of the adult male. We would rather think about the exploitations of Caucasians. Apparently at this time, the negro had no place in this curriculum.With teaching of fine arts, instructors usually start with Greece of how the world was deflectd with their way. Its kind of ironic that most of a ll art work from the world came from the Africans. We failed to teach about the Mediterranean melting pot with the Africans bring their, wares, ideas, and blood to influence the history. Their art has influence the history of Greece, Carthage, and Rome. Maybe we choose to ignore the truth of these theories but either way, it happened.In educating the Negro what would happen to the white? For education, what was being prospect of about those of outside control for our education. We were to give certain white people glory for the way they came down and gave us education. It is so that they helped constituted schools, and churches, in which we should be building much wisely then we do. We should believe in the theory that the only way to elevate people is to help them to help themselves.Although there were presidents all over universities that were white, the Negro were still in a slave fructify. A president over one of the schools never entertains an African American in his me. U sually take guest to the dining room. nightimes the guest would be moved into a guest cottage where they would have to only enter as servants. By no protest from the negroes, this showed cowards, and forever we impart be cowards if we dont open up our mouths.It is ok for a white man to be qualified to have a position at a negro school teaching. Commend them. any(prenominal) positions a white man is better trained to such subject, why object. But if an African American was in his own society under his kind, he can easily develop his own leadership in how not to be a coward and start to show his own individuality. Mentally, we give always be here if we tear each other down to depression.Instead of separation the system of education, we need to understand the sympathy of it. We should take in mind that that process of education is help lead together as one so the world can move better. For the person that truly understands that can truly call themselves an educator. Real education means to have intercourse life more easier, and inspire people to live more righteous.The concept of the word friend is a dangerous word for African Americans. When we list to get in high position in life, we tend to keep underprivileged friends by our side. You can never tell when they will embarrass you in front of other. Just keep in mind that within education, as you move up, there are those that are jealous.The thought process of having this education movement is to provide the southern Negroes a chance of education. Something especially to look at was medical school, even which, many would not admit Negroes because of the friction of race. We indispensable more institutions in the south just like Howard University for southerners because they were starting to become rushed.The dishonourable status of higher learning is due to the low standards of institutions toward the diploma. To get a job or hold one, you have to be competitive. As long as you dont have the drive to g o for more, then you will not develop anymore. The assumption that any school wants you is over now.There should not be any argument against earning higher degrees. Let these degrees be a honor to the training with scholastic distinction. The degree isnt just a piece of paper to desexualise money, its and opportunity of greatness to receive a new life of learning.The worst thing possible with getting an degree is having no idea how to depict a living with it. We have always know something about agriculture, and in a land that is abundant, thats how we made a living. The role of business and education was supposed to be an excite to the race but it still turned out less significant.Instead of going to college with just wanting to know how to work with machines, you should go and learn how to shape a machine. Go for majors that will push you into a life that will make you no-hit. We more people, majoring in math and physics. Those two subjects alone, you will always have a job.A s we move with our lives, we should invest money in some enterprises of our own to become successful. It has been discovered that people that never invest in Negro ownerships, always tries to exploit the business and try to amaze a fault to satisfy themselves. As miseducated Negroes, we would agree to it without actually doing our own research. Shockingly, proportion to the union of capital invested Negro businesses manifest about as much as a white own business. If a black owner doesnt get his own kind to support will develop depression that he failed his kind, which would cause him to give up.The highly educated negroes believes that since the present day system of capitalism, we have no chance to climb up the economic sphere. There can be no objection to the radical change in time. As for trying to be educated, you cant fault a man for trying to become successful. Professors in this field are not prepared to do the work, and the heads of our institutions should be addressing th emselves to study of a situation which threatens the negro with the economy.Our schools that are for trained, dont give us this point of view. We may occasionally learn the parts of stenography and accounting, but we dont know how to apply what we have studied. Our training gives us false conception of life, when we believe that the business world owes us a position of leadership. We have the idea of business training that we utilise to have of teaching that we could teach anything and study anything.Those that graduate from our business schools, lack the courage to go for working with commission. The majority wants us wants to receive a paycheck at the end of every month. We dont consider that in this day, its good to get paid for the work we have put in. People that do not realize life as what it is, is a horrible representation of business.From the point of view of industry and commerce, then, we show no mental power to understand the situation we find. We simply read our race from the sphere of education and business. Foreigners see the opportunities to take our businesses and opportunities in which we are scared to take. The main problem is we do not have any people skills in salesmanship.It is sad that we do not understand or not willing to start our own enterprises which could turn into a large connection one day. If we do not know how to take a chance, we would never know how to take control of the life that is around us. Training is necessary, for the large act of blacks running corporations have not learned business methods and do not understand the possibilities of the field in which they operate.Negro businesses are handicapped, which so, have not positive their own stability and the capacity for its growth. We do not take time to read the business literature and study how the market is doing. We stay in the dark because we do not take the time to get properly trained. Usually when the founder of the business passes away then the actual busin ess dies with him or goes within pieces.All failures are not due to the black business. Often, the owner lacks common sense. If you have a business, stay within your business instead of worrying about others. Keep the managements going within itself. Only with this, we will then become true entrepreneurs.One of the main failures of education is of religion that is being taught. Of its illustration, it paints a picture. around blacks still belong to these churches but the more educated seem to find their way to evangelical groups. These churches do not measure up to the standard laid by school preachers.The church is the great asset of the race. It is connected as part of capital that our race must invest in. The church has taken the lead of education in the school for the race. In neglecting it, they are throwing away what they have, to obtain something which they do need. With many respects, the black churches during different generation become corrupt.Some people say we have not lost our interest in religion, that we have gone into churches with a more open minded view. And then we have a sort of contagious fever which takes away from the churches of their youth others of less formal education.A change of faith is all right in a sense, for those that are closed minded, they would create an argument. Religion is nothing but religion, if they hold up to the faith that they claim. The point here is that the ritualistic churches into which blacks have gone do not touch the masses, and they show no future with racial development.From respect to developing the masses, the black has lost its foundation in recent years. The attitudes of leaders were different then as they are today. Too many blacks go to school to study for test so they can just pass. This attitude is retarded and grows people towards selfishness.Some conditions show that undeveloped black has been left from those that supposed to help him. When a white man sees persons of his own race falling dow nward to disgrace, he does some(prenominal) he can to pick him back up in life.It is sad that that the only institution blacks own is the church. The education of the business, we lack capital, credit, and experience for us to receive wealth to get into a higher culture.Sometimes you will find as many as two store-front churches in a block where Negroes curb in heathen-like practices. Although born and brought in the south, Mr. Woodson has never saw such idolatrous tendencies ever.Another area said that we must have new way of doing things and we can call ourselves Methodist. Methodist and Baptists split up on the account of holding slaves. We as blacks chose to imitate them. All of the black Methodists in the world, if unite, would not need more than 12 bishops, and these would have time to direct the affairs of both Methodists and Baptists in a united church.The theology of foreigners too is important on unenlightened people. tag end bringing the joy of conquest to their own ca mp, they have confused the world with disputes which have divided the church and stimulated division and subdivision to the extent that it no longer functions as a Christian agency for the uplift of all men.While serving as the avenue of the oppressors propaganda, the black church has prevented the union of alteration and has kept the race too weak to overcome purposely taught Negroes. This is important to the control of the inferior race. Someone just sits back and plots while the other one acts.We must hold blacks responsible for following these ignorant to this nonsense with which they have confused thoughtless people. As what has been said before, we tend to do what we are told instead of asking for the meaning for our actions. Our leaders know better but because of their miseducation, many will always tend to be miseducated.In chapter 7, Dr. Woodson continues his discussion of the church. Hementions how in the past African Americans have been mis-educated based on training. Dr .Woodson references how the highly educated Negro has become so intellectual in hisunderstanding of religion. We should not just allow ourselves to just not ask questions referring what study but question it. He in any case discusses the concept of rituals and how this does not help inracial development.Dr. Woodson besides cautions African Americans that they must always remember that theAfrican Americans learned their religion from the early White Methodist and Baptist whoevangelized the slaves and the poor Whites. So the questions become, is the smuggled Church apattern of the White mans church? Have unrelenting churches become the dumping ground for uneducated people carrying the Bible?If we are still mis educated, then we are an imitation of the white church that was for slavery. We were segregated when we were taught or told what or how we were supposed to live under the bible.According to Dr. Woodsons findings, African Americans had been discouraged in the pursuit of the p rofessions other than the ministry and teaching. Dr. Woodson noted several reasons whyAfrican Americans lacked degrees in fields such as medicine, law, architecture, etc. Some Black parents had failed to encourage their children to pursue professional degrees.Some Black professional schools had closed because of the small number of studentsenrolled. Woodson further asserted that these closings came at a very difficult time.Under the separate but check doctrine established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v.Ferguson (1896), law schools were desperately needed to train lawyers to protectAfrican Americans civil and political rights.Woodson also suggested that too many highly educated individualWoodson asserts the lack of political education among African Americansin the 1930s. This was due to actions taken by Whites. For years, textbooks producedspecifically for Black students did not include the U.S. Constitution. One state legislatureprohibited the inclusion of the Constitution in his tory textbooks citing the fear that Blackstudents would read it and attempt to enquire or even assert their rights. Black education had tohave as its foundation, the assurance that Blacks would not compete with Whites. It was wellunderstood that if by the teaching of history the White man could be further assured of hissuperiority and the Negro could be made to feel that he had always been a failure, and that thesubjugation of his will to some other race is necessary the freedman, then, would still be a slave.As long as Southern apologists controlled what was in history textbooks, they could teach thatslavery was a benevolent institution and that radical abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrisonand John Brown caused the unnecessary Civil War. Without knowledge of the changes in theU.S. Constitution, the civil rights established by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments could beignored and denied to Black citizens.Woodsons overall message in this chapter is captured in the quoteIf y ou can control a mans cerebration you do not have to worry about his action. When youdetermine what a man shall think you do not have to concern yourself about what he will do. Ifyou make a man feel that he is inferior, you do not have to compel him to accept an inferiorstatus, for he will seek it himself. If you make a man think that he is justly an outcast, you do nothave to order him to the back door. He will go without being told and if there is no back door, hisvery nature will demand one.uals had perpetuated thebelief that Black professionals were not capable of meeting the demands of theirprofessions. This belief among some highly educated Blacks and Whites often discouraged Black students from pursuing professional degreesIn chapter ten, Dr. Woodson emphasizes that there was a loss of vision.This loss of vision was due to African Americans not thinking for themselves. Dr. Woodsonprovides an example of this when he discusses some highly educated individuals. Deniedparticipat ion in the higher things of life, the educated Negro himself joins, too, with ill designing persons to handicap his people by systematized exploitation. Dr. Woodson alsodiscusses this loss of vision in terms of the lack of confidence. Dr. Woodson declared that thelack of confidence of the Negro in himself and in his possibilities is what has kept him down.Dr. Woodson emphasizes that until the Negro employs new ways of thinking, there will be nochange in his condition, and he will always remain oppressed.In this chapter, Dr. Carter G. Woodson discusses why there is a greaterneed for service rather than leadership in Black Communities. He mentions how the AfricanAmerican community has had problems with its leadership in the past.Negroes often find themselves giving money and moral support to various persons andinstitutions that influence the race in the wrong wayThe race needfully workers not leaders-workers will crop the problems which race leaders talk about and raise money to ena ble them to talk more and moreIn this chapter, Dr. Woodson discusses the concept of hirelings asopposed to public servants. A hireling is a person who is paid to serve. Dr. Woodson definesthe real servant of the people as one who lives among them, thinks with them, feels for them, and perhaps dies for them.Dr. Woodson emphasizes the value of learning about Black history. Hediscusses how this history has not been taught, but European history has been promoted. WhenWoodson asked Black college administrators, they responded, We do not offer here any coursein Negro history, Negro literature, or race relations, recently said a professor of a Negro college.We study the Negro along with other people. However, Woodson believed, No one can bethoroughly educated until he learns as much about the Negro as he knows about other people.Unfortunately, Woodson reported that, Upon examining the recent catalogues of the leadingNegro colleges, one finds that invariably they give courses in ancient, me dieval, and modernEurope, but they do not give such courses in ancient, medieval, and modern Africa.As you explore this chapter, reflect on the impact that having an accurate understanding ofAfrican American history will have on current and future generations of all Americans.In chapter 14, Dr. Woodson describes a new program for the education ofthe Black American. The substance of Woodsons New Program centers around the study ofBlack life during the nonmodern period. Ignorance of the antebellum era and the valuablecultural practices Africans brought with them from Africa must be addressed. Theseassumptions prevent current Black students from being equipped to handle the favorable problemsof today.Woodson compares the aims of the New Program with the successful education of the Filipinos. The first highly educated Americans into the conquered Philippine Islands after the Spanish American War in 1898 tried to teach the Filipinos the same way and with the same material used to teach American children. This strategy met with failure. An insurance man, who had never been an educator, came up with a plan that worked. He realized that to teach the Filipinos, it was necessary to make the learning relevant to their daily lives. These children needed to be taught through the use of objects from their own culture. Using this strategy, Woodson suggests that the education of the Black American would emphasize Black American culture. The accomplishments of American heroes should not be ignored but the accomplishments of Black Americans have to be given equal time, honor and respect.According to Dr. Woodson, schools were not preparing Black students tomake a living. He argued that the schools that African American students attended hadoutmoded equipment that needed to be replaced by more advanced technology. He believed thereshould be a shift in the type of instruction that African Americans were given, and also in theeducational approaches of those providing the instruct ion.Dr. Woodson further asserted that Black Americans needed to change the way they thought about and spent their money. He was particularly concerned with those African Americans who practiced conspicuous consumption, excessive and unnecessary purchases that give the impression that one has more money than one actually does. Woodson wrote, conspicuous consumption is a result of successful enterprise, not the road to enterprise. They Blacks should concentrate on the wise use of their money, and the evil that results from the mistreat of it. What would be examples of conspicuous consumption in the present-day Black community? Above all, Woodson uses this chapter to argue that African Americans should adopt wise, informed, and astute business practices. These practices, he offers, will help African Americans achieve a strong and healthy economic future.Dr. Woodson believed that Black students need to go into professionalarenas to serve members of the race. Black lawyers are needed to address certain aspects of law,which affect African Americans more than others. Black lawyers need to know more about thepeople that they serve to meet the special needs of these people. According to Woodson, in thepast too many cases before the Supreme Court had been lost because the lawyers lacked theknowledge to present their cases properly to the court. Woodson suggested that law schoolsneeded to explode course work in Constitutional law to prepare lawyers to protect the rightsguaranteed by the Constitution.Because of the lack of desire on the part of some White physicians for sensual contact with Black patients, Black doctors had a better chance of working among their people than the Black lawyers. However, all too often Negro doctors had entered the profession to append theirincome and spend it on joyous living. Instead of spending money without thought or care,Woodson argued that these doctors needed to focus on research and dedication to the Blackcommunity.Woodson also f elt that Black students should not limit their professional aspirations to medicine and law. Woodson also wanted African Americans to pursue careers in the arts. He wrote that African Americans had demonstrated an dexterity for the arts. However, because African Americans contributions were not always recognized in the United States, Woodson felt that the Black artist should seek appreciation for his or her craft in Europe or other places. In Europe, the Negro artist is not seen as an imitator, Woodson wrote. There is a desire among Europeans to view the art of the African not from the reward point of the oppressor, but from the Negro himself.In chapter 17, Woodson placed a great deal of emphasis on politics.Woodson maintained that in politics, African Americans should not only be concerned withissues that concerned them exclusively, but they should address problems facing others as well.Woodson also argues that in politics, African Americans should not join or vote for a political party to reward the dead for some favors done in the distant past. This is clearly a reference tothe practice of Black voters in the past supporting the Republican party because of AbrahamLincoln.Beyond politics, Woodson called for Black Americans to fully participate in the Americaneconomy. In addressing economic issues, Woodson argued that African Americans could makeimprovements in their social lives and contribute to the advancement of the entire society.Woodson suggested that African Americans ought to be radical in approaching economic andsocial change. This radicalism should come from within, or based on their experiences asformerly enslaved and impoverished workers in the American economy.Dr. Woodson emphasizes again the importance of studying and knowing African American History. He explains how many Blacks hate their history, but are taught torespect others history.

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science attemptThis experiment is based on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation/demodulation technique. The aim of the experiment is to come along familiarity with the components of a simple information transmission system, gain experience using an experimental communication system and studying its performance under the influence of ovalbumin noise and also, to compargon experimental results with conjectural deductions.Bandpass modulation, of which BPSK is a type, is a process whereby, a sinusoid usually called a carrier wave, is modulated or have its characteristics changed by a digital pulse baseband designate in other to enable wireless based transmission. In BPSK modulation, the phase of the carrier waveform is shifted to either 0 or 180 by the modulating data prognostic.To effectively model the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is used which adds the effect of noise to the quest at the recei ver in other to properly characterise what obtains in real systems. SNR measurements are taken after the noise is added before the receiver and results of each stage of the experiment are presented.2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results obtained from the experiment and brief discussions are now presented.2.1 The relative oftenness of the waveform was measured to be 1.493kHz2.2 The amplitude of the waveform was measured to be 3.608V2.3CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmpFig. 1 Square Waveform from NE555 horologe band.The tourr circuit produces a sequence of ones and adjusts which together with the resistors and capacitor, produces a square waveform. It can be observed that the square top and bottom are not abruptly straight but with ripples, this is due to the resonance effect presented by the capacitor. Also, the rising pattern of the top is due to the voltage rise time in the capacitor.2.4 The frequency of the essence sequence is measured to be 374Hz2 .5CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary mesh FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmpFig. 2 Message sequence at the output of the frequency divider.The SN74LS74 integrated circuit implements a second order frequency divider, 2n (n=2). Hence the frequency of the timer circuit is divided by four. Hence, this is also discernible in the frequency of the message sequence in 2.4 above.2.6 The cut-off frequency of the 2nd order Butterworth low pass separate is effrontery byThe cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the shift function drops to 0.7071 of its maximum value which represents the point at which the power in the circuit is 3dB less than the maximum value.2.7 The frequency of the sinusoid at the output of the filter was measured to be 1.328kHz.2.8 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary meshwork FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpgFig. 3 outfit of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A BA Output of first filter B Output of second filterT he Butterworth lowpass filter is used to generate the sinusoidal carrier required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth filter has a gentle roll-off, has no ripple in the pass or stop band hence, it has a monotonic response. To maximise the smoothness of the sinusoid, we use two of such filters in series.2.9 The RC highpass filter is used to slay the DC components of the sinusoid (since it will lone(prenominal) allow frequencies from the cut off frequency upwards) and convert it into a non-return to zero one. The cut-off frequency is given by2.10 The frequency of the modulated signal was measured to be 1.408kHz.2.11 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 11.bmpFig. 4 Output of the RC filter and the inverting amplifier circuits. A BA RC filter output B Inverting amplifier outputThe outputs of the RC filter and the inverting amplifier differ by a phase shift of 180, to fulfil the requirement for BPSK where we need antipodal modulat ed signals. Since the gain of the inverting amplifier is unity, in that location is no change to the amplitude of the inverted carrier.2.12 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 10 12.bmpFig. 5 BPSK signal at the output of the adder circuit. AThe analogue replacement produces a 0 shifted sinusoid when the message signal is high (a 1) and a 180 shifted sinusoid when the message signal is low (a 0). The two outputs streams are have in the adder circuit which has a gain of unity so that no modification is made to the signal amplitude. The result of this is a stream of 1s and 0s be by the sinusoidal waveform in fig. 5 above. Point A depicts the sudden phase change as the whiles changes to connote a transition from a high to a low and vice-versa.If we begin with a 1, then the fig. 4 would represent 10101010.2.13 The bandwidth of the noise signal is 500kHz.2.14 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent .WordPart 14.jpgFig. 6 BPSK signal with white noise.The AWGN channel helps to simulate what can typically obtain in real communication environments and it was observed that in real systems, the signal is not really as elegant as presented in fig. 5 but the addition of noise means the receiver will require some form of intelligence and signal processing in other to correctly detect the transmitted message.2.15CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 15.jpgFig. 7 BPSK noisy signal at output of RC lowpass filter.The cut-off frequency of this filter is given by hence it will cut off signals above 15.92kHz. It was observed that after the application of this filter, the noise level was significantly reduced as evident comparing fig. 6 and 7, since the noise contained a large amount of frequency components higher than 15.92kHz due to its bandwidth of 500kHz.2.16 The signal at the output of the planimeter takes the shape of a sawtooth waveform. This is because integrating a square waveform produces a sawtooth waveform.2.17CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 16 17.bmpFig. 8 Output of the integrator circuit. A BThe multiplier and integrator circuit represents a matched filter implementation at the receiver. Point A represents the zero point i.e the beginning of a new symbol or bit in this case, when the integrator is re-set. As such, when a 1 changes to a 0, we have a re-set to zero point and the direction of the triangular shape changes to the opposite.Point B is the integproportionn phase proper. It is not smooth due to the effect of noise in the system. Also, the rise is a direct result of the capacitor charging.2.18 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 18.jpgFig. 9 Pulse application to integrator. A BA Integrator output B Reset PulseAs displayed on fig. 8 above, the reset pulse is applied to the integrator at the symbol transition instant which is seen to be the beginning of every half cycle to reset the integrator to zero.2.19 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19a.pngFig. 10 The Reference SignalCDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word19b.jpgFig. 11 The Sampling PulseCDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19c.jpgFig. 12 The Reset PulseThe quotation signal is obtained from the SN74LS74 frequency divider of the transmitter thus it is the originally transmitted message sequence. The sampling and reset instances are done at the homogeneous time that is at the half cycle.2.20 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 20.jpgFig. 13 Output of the Comparator.This is where the original baseband signal is regenerated. From fig. 8, when the output of the integrator is positive, an output voltage of 5 volts is produced at the c omparator and when the integrator output is negative, a 0 volt output is obtained. This resulted in fig. 13 above showing the alternating 5 and 0 volts or 1s and 0s which depicts our detected signal. The frequency of the detected signal is 1.419kHz.2.21 The length of the delayed version of the data symbol produced at the receiver is 1.804ms2.22 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 21 and 22 Greeen channel 2 sensationalistic channel 1.bmpFig. 14 The Delayed pulse and Original data signal. A BA- Delayed Pulse B Original Pulse compare the original data signal against the delayed version, it is observed that though they are of the same period, B has longer duration positive half cycle while A compensates with a longer negative half cycle. Also, the time delay between them is about a half cycle.2.23 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 23 yellow delay green comparator.bmpFig. 15 Input Sign als to the XOR circuit. A BA Delayed original signal B Detected signalThe detected signal B is compared against the delayed version of the original signal A, because B generally, B would have experienced some delay and hence to effectively ascertain if an flaw occurred, its best to compare it against a delayed original as represented by A. The exclusivity of the circuit lies in the fact that when A B are the same, a 0 will be produced while when they are different denoting an error, a 1 will be produced.2.24 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 24 green 2 yellow 1.jpgFig. 16 Input Signals to the first NAND gate. A BA Sampling Pulse B XOR OutputA NAND gate will only produce a zero when both inputs are high. Hence a zero is obtained when the sampling instant coincides with a high output from the XOR circuit.2.25 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 25 yellow chn1 5v dc green chn2 1s t input.pngFig. 17 Input Signals to the second NAND gate. A B CA Input 5Vdc B Output of first NAND gate C Zero pointSince a NAND gate will produce a high when both inputs are not the same and when they are both 0, a 5V dc (always high or 1) is applied to one of the inputs and the output of the first NAND gate to the other. Hence, at the points where B comes down to zero (C), the output of the NAND gate will record a high which implies an error has occurred.2.26To estimate the BERWhere Vs (rms value of signal amplitude) =514mV,Vn (rms value of noise amplitude) = 0-10dBW (AWGN channel bandwidth) = 500kHzT (modulated Signal period) = 656.25sSNR received signal to noise ratioBER bit error rate or error probability. remit 1 below presents the values.Table 1 Summary of ResultsFig. 18 BER Performance Plot3.0 CONCLUSIONThe BER performance plot of fig. 18 shows that the behaviour of the experimental system is within the bounds of predicted theoretical results. For instance, as quoted in the lecture notes, at SNR= 10.4dB, the BER is about 1.510-6. From fig.18 above, a similar point, of SNR=10.3806dB gives a BER of 1.48810-6. Hence confirming the accuracy of the results obtained from the experiment. The plot confirms that as the signal-to-noise ratio increases, the error probability reduces in line with conventional knowledge.In addition, the process of using a baseband signal to modulate the phase of a sinusoid was observed, converting it into a bandpass signal for transmission ease.Also, the use of Additive White Gaussian Noise to simulate the channel provides an insight into what might be expected in a live system environment, under varying degrees of noise exposure.Finally, because the received data sequence will most likely be displaced from its true positions as exhibit experimentally, the use of a time delayed version of the original transmitted sequence to compare and check for errors was justified.

An Examination of Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Es

Do standardized political campaigns really improve the quality of public education? For years they have been used to judge schools academic dischargeance and mensurate the needs of students. No longer can illiterates be graduated from high school. No longer can teachers pass a student from one material body to another without having taught that student anything (Spellings). While these advances are beneficial, standardized exams often hurt already disadvantaged schools, promote states to lower their standards of education, and cause schools to focus more on the exams themselves rather than on their students actual learning (Karp).One of the major foundations of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, a national law requiring public schools to divvy up standardized tests at least once a year, is that schools may be sanctioned by the federal government as a result of shortsighted test grades. Obviously, this threat places an extraordinary amount of stress on schools to do well on th eir exams and holds teachers and administrators more accountable. However, it also causes teachers to teach the test rather than their curriculum, allowing students to perform better on exams without actually understanding the tested material (Karp). Test-teaching has become so common that students may actually take classes helping them to improve test scores, and whole days of public school are spent teaching kids better and faster ways to eliminate wrong answers (Gallagher). Such usage of classroom time and faculty effort is by no means useful to any child?s education, and its pervasiveness is unacceptable.Indeed, the pervasiveness of test-teaching is now remarkable. Former president of the National urban League Hugh Price urges parents to ??make certain your children can pass?a... ...on Gale. Cedar Park High School Lib., Cedar Park, TX. 11 December 2007 .Spellings, Margaret. ?Is Standardized testing the Correct Answer? YES.? ED.gov. 14 October 2005. U.S. Department of Education . 9 December 2007 . Path Press Room, Fact Sheets, Op-Eds, Op-Eds & Letters to the Editor, Is Standardized Testing the Correct Answer? YES appeared in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.?Standardized Tests.? PVCC Assessment Initiative. 20 October 2003. Maricopa Community Colleges. 9 December 2007 . Path Employees, Assessment Initiative, General Assessment Resources, Standardized/National Exams.Whitaker, Mark. ?Byline.? Newsweek 2 June 2003 6. opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thompson Gale. Cedar Park High School Lib., Cedar Park, TX. 6 December 2007 .

Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening :: essays research papers

The circumstances surrounding the composition of Robert Frosts poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" explain his use of "The darkest eventide of the year" (L.8) which is closely related it to the greater theme of perseverance in the face of hardship.Frost wrote this poem, in November(Frost Chronology) 1923 on the same late night he finished his book New Hampshire (Jackson sec. 1). Being "a little excited from getting over-tired"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 3), he decided to venture out into the wilderness, belike to calm down. Frost hitched his horse to a sleigh and left on his journey to eventually find the "Woods" in this poem. Being in an "autointoxicated"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 3) state, Frost was mesmerized by the scene of the woods beside the frozen lake. He eventually broke out of his trance, possibly with the aid of his horse, by thoughts of introductory commitments. The former statement is shown in the text by "He gives his harnes s bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake"(L.L. 9-10) and the latter by " exactly I have promises to keep And miles to go before I sleep"(L.L. 13-14). According to Frost, upon his return home, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" "was written in a few minutes without any strain"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 1). Therefore, Frost wrote this poem close himself and his journey.Literally, "The darkest level of the year"(L.8), refers to the winter equinox on December 21st. But, if thought of symbolically, this line could be the culmination of difficult work, by the author, to finish his book New Hampshire. moreover the equinox aspect of "The darkest evening of the year"(L.13) symbolizes the transition, from the writing of a new book to its realization. Therefore, the meaning "The darkest evening of the year"(L.8) is dual even if the poem was not written in December 21st.In and of itself, the poem is an extended metaphor for perseveranc e. The reader only realizes this after having finished reading the poem because the information about the narrators prior commitments and fatigue is provided at the end. In retrospect, the first stanza bottomland be analyzed as the narrators difficult journey. The middle and last parts of the text, like the woods, can be seen as the temptation, as is evident in the lines "The woods are lovely dark and deep"(L. 13). But the narrator overcomes his temptation shown by "But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep"(L.